|
Index:
From the molecule to the product, from synthesis
to formulation
• Nomenclature (Table 1)
• Production methods (Table
2)
• Physicochemical characteristics
(Table 3)
• Problems posed and formulation
solutions (Table 4)
• Vitamin activity
- Definition of vitamin
activity (Table 5)
- Vitamin activity of the
commercial products (Table 6)
- Bioavailability tests
(Table 7)
From the molecule to the
product, from synthesis to formulation
Pure vitamins are usually unsuitable for direct use in animal
feed. They must thus be presented in suitable forms, by means
of specifically developed processes, in order to make them
readily usable in premix or feed plants (Diagram
1).
Tables 1 to 7 summarize the basic information regarding vitamins:
- Vitamin nomenclature (Table 1)
- Various methods of vitamin production (Table
2)
- Physicochemical characteristics of the molecule (Table
3)
- Problems encountered using pure vitamins in animal feed,
and formulation solutions to overcome them (Table
4).
- Vitamin activity
- Definition of vitamin activity (Table
5).
- Vitamin activity of the commercial products (Table
6).
- Principal tests for measuring the vitamin biological
efficacy (Table 7).
Diagram 1: Formulation of vitamins
- benefits
Pure vitamins are generally not suitable for direct use,
and must be processed to ensure their efficacy.
Pure oil or large crystal vitamins are sometimes unstable
or too highly concentrated and must be converted into a form
that is more suitable for use in premix or feed plants.
Some of the various conversion processes used include atomization
(drying a sprayed liquid to produce a fine powder), adsorption
(using a solid medium to convert a liquid into a powder),
coating (to protect the vitamin against physical or chemical
damage) and dilution (to achieve a specific concentration).
Nomenclature
Table 1 - Vitamin nomenclature
|
Usual Abreviation of the Vitamin
|
Chemical Name of Active Substance
|
Other Names
|
|
A
|
Retinol
|
|
|
D3
|
Cholecalciferol
|
|
|
E
|
α-tocopherol
|
|
|
K3
|
Menadione
|
|
|
B1
|
Thiamin
|
|
|
B2
|
Riboflavin
|
|
|
B3, ou, PP
|
Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide
|
Niacin, Niacinamide, (B5)*
|
|
B5
|
D-pantothenic acid
|
D-Calpan, Calcium D-Panthothénate, (B3)*
|
|
B6
|
Pyridoxine
|
|
|
B9
|
Folic Acid
|
Bc, M*
|
|
H
|
D-biotin
|
Biotin
|
|
B12
|
Cyanocobalamin
|
|
|
C
|
Ascorbic acid
|
|
* obsolete name still used in a few documents
Production Methods
Table 2 - Various methods of vitamin production
|
Usual Abbreviation of the Vitamin
|
Chemical Synthesis
|
Biosynthesis (fermentation)
|
Mixed Process*
|
Extraction
|
|
A
|
• • •
|
|
|
|
|
D3
|
• • •
|
|
|
|
|
E
|
• • •
|
|
|
•
|
|
K3
|
• • •
|
|
|
|
|
B1
|
• • •
|
|
|
|
|
B2
|
•
|
• • •
|
•
|
|
|
B3, ou, PP
|
• • •
|
|
|
|
|
B5
|
• • •
|
•
|
•
|
|
|
B6
|
• • •
|
|
|
|
|
B9
|
• • •
|
|
|
|
|
H
|
• • •
|
•
|
|
|
|
B12
|
|
• • •
|
|
|
|
C
|
|
•
|
• • •
|
|
* combined fermentation and chemical synthesis
Physicochemical characteristics
Table 3 - Physicochemical characteristics of the molecule
|
Usual Abbreviation of
the Vitamin
|
Chemical Form Commonly
Used
|
Physical Form of Synthetic
Product
|
Color of Synthetic Product
|
|
A
|
Ester (acetate, palmitate
propionate)
|
Oil which can crystallize
at room temperature
|
brown to yellow
|
|
D3
|
Alcohol
|
Resin
|
yellowish white
|
|
E
|
Ester
-DL-α-tocopheryl acetate
-(D-α-tocopheryl acetate)
|
Oil
|
light yellow to brown
|
|
K3
|
Complex
(MPB, MSB, MSBC, MNB)
|
Oil
|
golden yellow
|
|
B1
|
- Thiamin hydrochloride
- Thiamin Mononitrate
|
Crystalline powder
|
white
|
|
B2
|
Riboflavin
- Riboflavin phosphate
|
Crystalline powder
|
orange-yellow
|
|
B3,
ou, PP
|
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
|
Crystalline powder
Crystalline powder
|
white to cream
white to cream
|
|
B5
|
- D - calcium pantothenate
- (DL - calcium pantothenate)
|
Crystalline powder
|
white
|
|
B6
|
Pyridoxine hydrochloride
|
Coarse crystalline powder
|
white
|
|
B9
|
Folic Acid
|
Crystalline powder
|
yellow
|
|
H
|
D-biotin
|
Powder of elongated, interlinked crystals
|
white
|
|
B12
|
- Cyanocobalamin
- Mixture of compounds having undefinied B'2 activity
|
- Crystalline powder
- Dried fermentation broth
|
- dark red
- brown
|
|
C
|
Acid or sodium salt
|
Crystalline powder
|
white to yellowish
|
Problems posed and formulation solutions
Table 4 - problems encountered using pure vitamins in
animal feed, and formulation solutions to overcome them
|
Usual Abbreviation of
the Vitamin
|
Physical form of synthetic product
|
Problem with pure form of vitamin
|
Solution employed
|
Main types of formulation
|
|
A
|
Oil which can crystallize at room temperature
|
Physical form
Stability
Concentration
|
Microbeadlets
Protection
Dilution
|
Coating
Spray-drying
|
|
D3
|
Resin
|
Physical form
Stability
Concentration
|
Powder formation
Protection
Dilution
|
Coating
Spray-drying
|
|
E
|
Oil
|
Physical form
|
Powder formation
|
Adsorption
Spray-drying
|
|
K3
|
Oil
|
Physical form
Stability
|
Powder formation
|
Chemical complexing
Blending with carrier
|
|
B1
|
Crystalline powder
|
Cohesiveness
|
Grinding, sieving
|
-
|
|
B2
|
Crystalline powder
|
Cohesiveness
Electrostaticity
|
Physical treatment
of the powder
|
Spray-drying
Granulation
|
|
B3 Nicotinic
acid,
B3 Nicotinamide
|
Crystalline powder
|
Cohesiveness
Hygroscopicity
|
Physical treatment of the powder
|
Granulation, Agglomeration by compaction
|
|
B5
|
Crystalline powder
|
Hygroscopicity
|
-
|
-
|
|
B6
|
Course crystalline powder
|
Mixability™
|
-
|
Grinding
|
|
B9
|
Crystalline powder
|
Cohesiveness
Electrostaticity
|
Physical treatment of the powder
|
Spray-drying
|
|
H
|
Powder of elongated, interlinked crystals
|
Concentration
Physical form
|
Dilution
Physical treatment of the powder
|
Spray-drying
Grinding and blending with carrier
|
|
B12
|
Crystalline powder
Dried fermentation broth
|
Concentration
Concentration, Homogeneity
|
Dilution
Dilution
|
Blending with carrier
|
|
C
|
Crystalline powder
|
Hygroscopicity
Stability
|
Physical treatment of the powder
|
As is
Coating
|
Vitamin activity
Table 5 - Definition of vitamin activity
|
Usual
abreviation of the vitamin
|
Usual
unit of
reference
|
Definition
of unit
|
Equivalence
|
|
A
|
1 IU
|
0.300μg of pure
retinol
|
0.344μg of pure
retinol acetate
0.360μg of pure retinol propionate
0.550 μg of pure retinol palmitate
|
|
D3
|
1 IU
|
0.025 μg of pure
vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
|
-
|
|
E
|
1 IU
|
1 mg of pure dl-alpha-tocopherol
acetate
|
0.735 mg of D-alpha-tocopherol
acetate
0.671 mg of D-alpha-tocopherol
|
|
K3
|
1 mg of menadione
|
-
|
MSB = 51% of menadione
MPB = 45% of menadione
MSBC = 33% of menadione
MNB = 46% of menadione
|
|
B1
|
1 mg of thiamin HCI
|
-
|
1 mg of thiamin HCI
= 0.89 mg of thiamin
1 mg of thiamin mononitrate = 0.92 mg of thiamin
|
|
B2
|
1 mg of pure riboflavin
|
-
|
1 mg of riboflavin
5 phosphate = 0.73 mg of riboflavin
|
|
B3,
ou, PP
|
1 mg of nicotinic
acid or pure nicotinamide
|
-
|
-
|
|
B5
|
1 mg of pure
D-pantothenic acid
|
-
|
1 mg of D-calcium-pantothenate
= 0.92 mg of D-pantothenic acid
1 mg of DL-calcium-pantothenate = 0.46 mg of D-pantothenic
acid
|
|
B6
|
1 mg of pure pyridoxine
HCI
|
-
|
1mg of pyridoxine
HCI = 0.823 mg of pyridoxine
|
|
B9
|
1 mg of pure
Folic Acid
|
-
|
-
|
|
H
|
1 μg of pure
D-biotin
|
-
|
-
|
|
B12
|
1 μg of monocyanocobalamin
|
Microbiological activity
(lactobacillus leishmanii) of 1 μg of monocyanocobalamin
|
-
|
|
C
|
1mg of L-ascorbic
acid
|
-
|
1 mg of sodium ascorbate
= 0.89 mg of L-ascorbic acid
|
Table 6 - Vitamin activity
of the commercial products
|
Usual
abreviation of the vitamin
|
Product
type
|
Standard
concentration of active material
|
|
A
|
Coated
Coated / spray-dried
Coated / spray-dried
|
Retinyl acetate:
1,000,000 Ul/g
650,000 Ul/g
500,000 Ul/g
|
|
D3
|
Coated / spray-dried
|
Pure vitamin D3:
500,000 Ul/g
|
|
E
|
Adsorbed / spray-dried
|
DL-alpha-tocopheryl
acetate:
50% = 500 Ul/g
|
|
K3
|
Products "as is":
MSB: 100%
MPB: 100%
MSBC: 100%
Products diluted:
MSB: 50%
MPB: 50%
MSBC: 50%
|
Menadione:
50.0%
45.0%
45.0%
25.0%
25.5%
16.5%
|
|
B1
|
Pure
|
Thiamin HCI: 99%
Thiamin mononitrate: 97%
|
|
B2
|
Crystallized
Granulated
|
Pure riboflavin:
96%
80%
|
|
B3,
ou, PP
|
"As is"
or
K3 MNB (100%)
|
Nicotinic acid: 99%
Nicotinamide: 99%
Nicotinic acid: 32%
|
|
B5
|
"As is"
D-calpan
DL-calpan
|
D-calcium pantothenate:
98%
45%
|
|
B6
|
Pure
|
Pyridoxine HCI:
99%
|
|
B9
|
Pure
Spray-dried
|
Pure folic acid:
95%
80%
|
|
H
|
Diluted (on carrier)
Spray-dried
|
Pure D-biotine:
2%
2%
|
|
B12
|
Diluted (on carrier)
|
Monocyanocobalamin:
1%
0.1%
|
|
C
|
Crystallized ascorbic acid
Complexed or coated ascorbic acid
|
L-ascorbic acid:
99%
variable
|
Table 7 - Principal
tests for measuring the vitamin biological efficacy
|
Usual
abreviation of the vitamin
|
Principle
of the Test
|
|
A
|
Curative growth test
in rats
Liver storage test in chicks
|
|
D3
|
AOAC (chickens)
|
|
E
|
Test of sterility
by resorption or haemolysis test in rats
|
|
K3
|
Coagulation time in
vitamin K-deficient (chickens)
|
|
B1
|
Growth test or bradycardia
test in rats
|
|
B2
|
Curative growth test
in rats
|
|
B3,
ou, PP
|
Curative canine pellagra
study ("black tongue")
Growth test in chickens and in rats
|
|
B5
|
Curative study in
chicks
|
|
B6
|
Growth study in rats
or chickens
|
|
B9
|
Restorative growth
study in chickens or rats
|
|
H
|
Healing of skin lesions
induced in rats by massive ingestion of egg white
(containing avidin which has the capacity of binding
to biotin
and of inhibiting the intestinal resorption thereof)
|
|
B12
|
Dose titration of
positive results during true pernicious anaemia
|
|
C
|
Healing of scurvy
and growth of odontoblasts in guinea pigs
(few animals show deficiencies)
|
|
